Morphological contrasting
We scored adult sample peels handled about STRIBC (Letter =67), the newest American Art gallery out-of Pure Background (AMNH, Letter =25), in addition to All of us National Museum bird collection (USNM, N = 10) regarding Costa Rica, Panama, and you may Colombia for each and every of around three phenotypic faculties: i) dorsal plumage, ii) ventral plumage, and you may iii) facial shield ornamentation. Adopting the , MJM, Sel, and up to 3 almost every other perceiver (discover Additional document 1: Table S1) obtained each bird alone to your a level of 0 – step 1, in which 0 represented a phenotypically absolute Jacana spinosa, and you can 1 represented a great phenotypically natural Jacana jacana (according to reviews that have peels off beyond your get in touch with zone), and now we averaged this new ratings per characteristic as phenotypic hybrid directory for each sample . Specimens with phenotypic crossbreed indicator lower than 0.10 had been categorized given that “pure” spinosa, when you find yourself an index from 0.90 or even more is obtained due to the fact “pure” jacana. A get between 0.ten and 0.25 is classified as “spinosa-like”, whereas a list ranging from 0.75 and you may 0.90 was classified given that “jacana-like”. Specimens that have indicator anywhere between 0.25 and you may 0.75 had been categorized because the “hybrids”.
Genetic data
I sequenced a good 652 legs couple fragment of one’s mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase We gene (COI: the new DNA barcode fragment) from 59 Panamanian jacanas, including one or two specimens of east Honduras delivered to the studies by the J. Klicka and also the Marjorie Barrick Museum. I chose which gene when planning on taking benefit of present succession analysis to the Genbank to have jacanas out of varied geographical countries, that have been plus set in brand new dataset (Letter = 10). Lab steps follow important measures which have been discussed in other places . We attempted but were unable to produce series analysis out of bottom mat extractions from the Smith and you will Emlen selection of specimens.
Brand new COI analysis were utilized so you’re able to guess the genetic distinctiveness from the 2 jacana kinds and you may infer committed from speciation anywhere between J. spinosa and you will J. jacana, in order to assess the studies that topography restrictions gene circulate in the jacanas (i.e. isolation-by-distance). We generated median-joining circle during the PopART . We made use of Mega so you can estimate an average range making use of the HKY brand of molecular evolution to contrast divergence in the jacanas some other avian varieties which genetic distance could have been calculated making use of the HKY model .
I looked at towards effect of geographical point to the genetic distinctions (we.elizabeth., separation because of the distance) thru a beneficial Mantel try used in the system Alleles in space , and that measures up genetic and you will geographic distances certainly some one as opposed to communities. For both J. spinosa and J. jacana mtDNA succession set, i correlated uncorrected pairwise series divergence that have pairwise geographic length to possess all the it is possible to pairs. Requirement for new correlation was dependent on comparing the noticed correlation to help you random correlations predicated on ten,000 permutations.
To fit the new mtDNA-founded analyses out-of genetic introgression along the jacana crossbreed area, i sequenced one or two autosomal introns (gapdh eleven: , and you will 10551: ) for STRIBC specimens accumulated around the Panama. Considering an initial assessment out of succession variation out of several products out-of for every single geographic endpoint (beyond your crossbreed region) of our own testing construction, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism for every intron: gapdh step 3- anti-experience position 136 (cytosine-thymine: C-T transition), and you may 10551 updates 153 (adenine-guanine: A-G transition). Positions try in line with aimed sequences each and every intron on the J. spinosa sample MJM8238 (Genbank accessions: gapdh: KM891734, 10551: KM891735).
Cline shape analyses
We estimated the shape of the phenotypic and genotypic clines using ClineFit , which applies the cline fitting formulas developed by Szymura and Barton . The shape of a cline is determined by three formulas. The first formula (1) defines a symmetric S-shaped curve around the center of the hybrid zone, and relies on two parameters: c – for the center of the curve, and w – which is 1/maximum slope of the cline, and represents the cline width. Two additional formulae define the cline tails (2,3) and add four additional parameters: z L and z R , which represent the distance from c to a vertical asymptote for the exponential decay of allele frequencies to the left and right sides Asiatisk Brides of the hybrid zone, while ? L and ? R define the rates of this exponential decay relative to the shape of the central cline (1).