Standard characteristics
7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Fifteen studied dietary sources of calcium (n=810 calcium, n=723 controls),16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and 51 studied calcium supplements (n=6547 calcium, n=5710 controls).7 12 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 26 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Table 1 ? shows study design and selected baseline characteristics for included studies of dietary calcium. Tables 2 and 3 show the study design and selected baseline characteristics for trials of calcium supplements, without and with additional vitamin D, respectively. ? ? Further details are in tables A-C in appendix 2. Of the 15 randomised controlled trials of dietary sources of calcium, 10 used milk or milk powder, two used dairy products, and three used hydroxyapatite preparations. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, 36 studied calcium monotherapy, 13 co-administered CaD, and two were multi-arm studies of both. Table 4 summarises other features of the trials ? . Most of them studied calcium without vitamin D in women aged <70 living in the community; the mean baseline dietary calcium intake was 500 mg/day was used in most trials, but a higher proportion of trials of calcium supplements used a dose of ?1000 mg/day. Table C in appendix 2 shows our assessment of risk of bias. Of the 15 trials of dietary sources of calcium, we assessed two as low risk of bias, six as moderate risk, and seven as high risk. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, we assessed 19 as low risk of bias, 12 as moderate risk, and 20 as high risk.
Model of randomised controlled trials and you will picked baseline properties from qualified trials away from calcium that also used supplement D capsules
First analyses
Table 5 ? summarises the outcomes of meta-analyses. Growing calcium intake from dietary supply increased BMD because of the 0.6-step 1.0% within full hip and you will overall looks on one year and you will from the 0.7-step 1.8% at the these sites additionally the lumbar lower back and you may femoral shoulder at the two years (figs 1 and you will dos ? ? . There clearly was no influence on BMD within forearm.
Fig step one Random effects meta-analysis from effectation of fat reduction sources of calcium supplements on the fee changes in bone nutrient thickness (BMD) out-of standard at one year
Fig dos Arbitrary consequences meta-analysis off effectation of dieting types of calcium supplements on percentage changes into the bone nutrient occurrence (BMD) from standard from the a couple of years
Whenever we limited the analyses toward 12 randomised controlled examples of dairy otherwise dairy products, because of the leaving out three trials out of hydroxyapatite, there was little improvement in the outcomes. Calcium improved BMD after all five skeletal internet sites because of the 0.7-step 1.4% at the one year (figs 3 and you will cuatro ? ? ), because of the 0.8-step 1.5% from the 24 months (figs 5 and you may six ? ? ), and by 0.8-step 1.8% during the more two and a half ages (fig eight ? ) (set https://www.datingranking.net/de/muslimische-dating-sites of lifetime of trials are less than six years).